RULES FOR WRITING C PROGRAM

RULE 1:---Each instruction given by you must be written in separate statement so each C program comprise of series of statements.

RULE 2:---Sequence of statements must be in a order in which we want to run the program i.s, we write the statements in an order in which u want to take the work form your program written.

RULE 3:---Must insert space b/w the words it increases the readability of the of the program so that we can easily finds the errors.

RULE 4:---All statements must be in small letters

RULE 5:---It is a free form language i.e, not have a specific rules for position of the statements.

RULE 6:---Every C statement must end with ;..it is called terminator

RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING REAL CONSTANTS IN C

RULE 1:---A real constant must at least consist of 1 digit

RULE 2:---It must have a decimal point

RULE 3:---It could be either a +ve or -ve

RULE 4:---by default it is +ve

RULE 5:--- no space or commas are allowed between them

RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING INTEGER CONSTANTS

RULE 1:---An integer constant must consisted of 1 digit.

RULE 2:---It is without the decimal point

RULE 3:---It must be either +ve or -ve

RULE 4:---if no sign is placed then it is considered as an +ve

RULE 5:---no commas are allwoed

RULE 6:--- range of integers is from -32768 to 32767.

TYPES OF CONSTANTS IN C PROGRAMMING

C constant is divided into 2 categories

1..primary constants
2..secondary constants

 these constants are further categorized into following catagories

CHAPTER 1: 1.1...GETTING STARTED WITH C

Learning any computer language is same like learning English or Arabic language....just for a moment think what you have to do in order to learn any language like English u must 1st try to know the Alphabets then made words from that alphabets and then make sentences after that you are perfect and ready to write paragraph in English...in the similar way to learn any language specially C is same as like English you 1st have to know the alphabets, digits and special symbols then you are able to biuld constant variable and keywords after that you are able to write any instruction in C...and by combining that instruction u are able to write a complete program Above fig show you the same scenario.

ASSIGNMENT COMMANDS IN PROGRAMMING?

It is a fundamental feature of computer that it stores data into it is possible to put and easily be recovered in short computer can overwrite data and then recover it from there when we needed this concept is the ASSIGNMENT COMMAND concept.

the simplest form of assignment

                  x : =3
                  x : =y+1
example 1 set the value of "x"  to 3 i.e, it overwrite x with 3.....2nd example set the value of "x" 1 more then the value of "y".

assignment is the most important concept of computer programming it is the basic for the programmer.

Think for a minute that u can replace every thing from your desire things and then use it again and again without altering that location......

CREATING A PROJECT IN VISUAL BASIC

STEP 1:  From the Windows Start menu, choose Microsoft Visual Basic 2005 Express Edition.

STEP 2: On the File menu, click New Project.

STEP 3:  Select Windows Application and click OK.

WHAT IS A METHOD IN PROGRAMMING?

In programming, method is a subroutine with a class.method tell us the behavior exhibited by the instances of the class during the run time.There are 3 types of special methods
1) constructor
2) destructor
3) copy assignment operator

these are the special type of methods and they are language dependent. they may be built in the compile.

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING

there are several types of programmings

1) hardware programmin
2) software programming
3) game programming

WHAT IS A OBJECT IN PROGRAMMING?

Stop for a min..and observe your surrounding world..you immediately may eye on your switch board your fan or may be on your door...these are the objects for you but posses the different characteristics...in software development the "object" is the same thing like these which have same characteristics and used for different purposes..:D

WHAT IS A CLASS IN PROGRAMMING??

WOOOW ....class...it's not a biology or computer class but it's a class which is used by programmers for programming...it is the method to construct something or a pattern....for example if a builder wants to build up a building then 1st he decides how to adopt a method and build a building.....You are building a written outline of what looks like a lot of class. There are indications that, written in the Java language must follow the rules of this outline. In computer programming, and these areas are called grammatical rules of language.     

WHAT IS A FUNCTION IN PROGRAMMING?

If u want to perform a specific task then you 1st decide what to do and then decide how to do......that specific task is known as function for you....you are capable of performing a several tasks depending upon your abilities...each task is a separate function for you...e.g, your mom said to u to bring a fruits and after that she tell you to bring some vegetables for lunch then you perform 2 different functions but in 2 different times..in short ."FUNCTION IS A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS WHICH IS USED TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC TASK".....in other words consider a function as a black box...shocking..:O...BLACK BOX hmmm....but don't be excited...this black box is a simple device which takes some inputs and produces your desires output...now we have one more definition of function....A SET OF INSTRUCTION WHICH WILL TAKE SOME INPUTS AND PRODUCES THE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO THE INSTRUCTIONS ASSIGNED TO IT.......

STARTING WITH PROGRAMMING

computers are not very intelligent to do work for you such as searching on internet and clean your house etc...computer not obey your orders and don't do what you want...but they can do by providing them a set of instruction which is called a programming languages which is a set of instruction given to computer to perform a specific tasks..you can done anything from computer by providing them a set of instruction in the form of programming language....:D

BEST PROGRAMMING RULES

SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMING RULES                     
       ----------------------------                     
       a) Efficiency is less important than Clarity    
       b) your code must be Generalize 
       c) Write in modular programs                        
       d) Document your program                         
       e) Write standard FORTRAN                        
       f) Improve your layout                           
       g) Program defensively                           
       h) Use appropriate algorithms   

LIST OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Many people want to know about the programming language 1st they have to select the language before learning

A

    A# .NET
    A# (Axiom)
    A-0 System
    A+
    A++
    ABAP
    ABC
    ABC ALGOL
    Abel
    ABLE
    ABSET
    ABSYS
    Abundance
    ACC
    Accent
    Ace DASL
    ACT-III
    Action!

   

    ActionScript
    Ada
    Adenine
    Agda
    Agena
    Agora
    AIMMS
    Alef
    ALF
    ALGOL 58
    ALGOL 60
    ALGOL 68
    Alice
    Alma-0
    Amiga E
    AMOS
    AMPL

   

    AMPLE
    APL
    AppleScript
    Arc
    ARexx
    Argus
    AspectJ
    Assembly language
    ATS
    Ateji PX
    AutoHotkey
    AutoIt
    Averest
    AWK
    Axum

 B

    B
    Babbage
    Bash
    BASIC
    bc
    BCPL
    BeanShell
    Batch (Windows/Dos)

   

    Bertrand
    BETA
    Bigwig
    Bistro
    BitC
    BLISS
    Blue
    Bon

   

    Boo
    Boomerang
    Bourne shell (including bash and ksh)
    BREW
    BPEL
    BUGSYS
    BuildProfessional

 C

    C
    C--
    C++ - ISO/IEC 14882
    C# - ISO/IEC 23270
    C/AL
    Caché ObjectScript
    Caml
    Cayenne
    Cecil
    Cel
    Cesil
    CFML
    Cg
    Chapel
    CHAIN
    Charity
    Charm
    CHILL
    CHIP-8
    chomski
    Oxygene (formerly Chrome)
    ChucK
    CICS

   

    Cilk
    CL (IBM)
    Claire
    Clarion
    Clean
    Clipper
    CLIST
    Clojure
    CLU
    CMS-2
    COBOL - ISO/IEC 1989
    CobolScript
    Cobra
    CODE
    CoffeeScript
    Cola
    ColdC
    ColdFusion
    Cool
    COMAL
    Combined Programming Language (CPL)
    Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

   

    Common Lisp (also known as CL)
    COMPASS
    Component Pascal
    COMIT
    Constraint Handling Rules (CHR)
    Converge
    Coral 66
    Corn
    CorVision
    Coq
    COWSEL
    CPL
    csh
    CSP
    CSKA[disambiguation needed]
    Csound
    Curl
    Curry
    Cyclone
    Cython

 D

    D
    DASL (Datapoint's Advanced Systems Language)
    DASL (Distributed Application Specification Language)
    DataFlex
    Datalog
    DATATRIEVE
    dBase

   

    dc
    DCL
    Deesel (formerly G)
    Delphi
    Dialect
    DinkC
    Dialog Manager

   

    DIBOL
    DL/I
    Draco
    Dylan
    DYNAMO

 E

    E
    Ease
    EASY
    Easy PL/I
    EASYTRIEVE PLUS
    ECMAScript
    Edinburgh IMP
    EGL

   

    Eiffel
    ELAN
    Emacs Lisp
    Emerald
    Epigram
    Erlang
    Escapade
    Escher
    ESPOL

   

    Esterel
    Etoys
    Euclid
    Euler
    Euphoria
    EusLisp Robot Programming Language
    CMS EXEC
    EXEC 2

 F

    F
    F#
    Factor
    Falcon
    Fancy
    Fantom
    Felix
    Ferite
    FFP
    Fjölnir

   

    FL
    Flavors
    Flex
    FLOW-MATIC
    FOCAL
    FOCUS
    FOIL
    FORMAC
    @Formula
    Forth

   

    Fortran - ISO/IEC 1539
    Fortress
    FoxBase
    FoxPro
    FP
    FPr
    Franz Lisp
    Frink
    F-Script
    Fuxi

 G

    G
    GameMonkey Script
    GAMS
    GAP
    G-code
    Genie
    GDL
    Gibiane

   

    GJ
    GLSL
    GNU E
    GM
    Go
    Go!
    GOAL
    Gödel

   

    Godiva
    GOM (Good Old Mad)
    Goo
    GOTRAN
    GPSS
    GraphTalk
    GRASS
    Green
    Groovy

 H

    HAL/S
    Hamilton C shell
    Harbour
    IBM HAScript
    Haskell

   

    HaXe
    High Level Assembly
    HLSL
    Hop

   

    Hope
    Hugo
    Hume
    HyperTalk

 I

    IBM Basic assembly language
    IBM Informix-4GL
    IBM RPG
    ICI
    Icon
    Id

   

    IDL
    IMP
    Inform
    Io
    Ioke
    IPL

   

    IPTSCRAE
    IronPython
    IronRuby
    ISPF
    ISWIM

 J

    J
    J#
    J++
    JADE
    Jako
    JAL
    Janus

   

    JASS
    Java
    JavaScript
    JCL
    JEAN
    Join Java
    JOSS

   

    Joule
    JOVIAL
    Joy
    JScript
    Jython
    JavaFX Script

 K

    K
    Kaleidoscope
    Karel
    Karel++
    Kaya

   

    KEE
    KIF
    Kite
    KRC
    KRL

   

    KRYPTON
    ksh
    KUKA

 L

    L
    L# .NET
    LabVIEW
    Ladder
    Lagoona
    LANSA
    Lasso
    LaTeX
    Lava
    LC-3
    Leadwerks Script
    Leda
    Legoscript

   

    LilyPond
    Limbo
    Limnor
    LINC
    Lingo
    Linoleum
    LIS
    LISA
    Lisaac
    Lisp - ISO/IEC 13816
    Lite-C Lite-c
    Lithe
    Little b

   

    Logix
    Logo
    Logtalk
    LPC
    LSE
    LSL
    Lua
    Lucid
    Lustre
    LYaPAS
    Lynx

 M

    M
    M2001
    M4
    Machine code
    MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder)
    MAD/I
    Magik
    Magma
    make
    Maple
    MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS
    MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
    Mary
    MASM Microsoft Assembly x86
    Mathematica
    MATLAB
    Maxima (see also Macsyma)

   

    MaxScript internal language 3D Studio Max
    Maya (MEL)
    MDL
    Mercury
    Mesa
    Metacard
    Metafont
    MetaL
    Microcode
    MicroScript
    MIIS
    MillScript
    MIMIC
    Mirah
    Miranda
    MIVA Script
    ML

   

    Moby
    Model 204
    Modula
    Modula-2
    Modula-3
    Mohol
    MOO
    Mortran
    Mouse
    MPD
    MSIL - deprecated name for CIL
    MSL
    MUMPS

 N

    Napier88
    NATURAL
    NEAT chipset
    Neko
    Nemerle
    NESL
    Net.Data

   

    NetLogo
    NewLISP
    NEWP
    Newspeak
    NewtonScript
    NGL
    Nial

   

    Nice
    Nickle
    NPL
    Not eXactly C (NXC)
    Not Quite C (NQC)
    Nu
    NSIS

 O

    o:XML
    Oak
    Oberon
    Object Lisp
    ObjectLOGO
    Object REXX
    Object Pascal
    Objective-C
    Objective Caml
    Objective-J

   

    Obliq
    Obol
    occam
    occam-π
    Octave
    OmniMark
    Onyx
    Opa
    Opal
    OpenEdge ABL
    OPL

   

    OPS5
    OptimJ
    Oracle
    Orc
    ORCA/Modula-2
    Orwell
    Oxygene
    Oz

 P

    P#
    PARI/GP
    Pascal - ISO 7185
    Pawn
    PCASTL
    PCF
    PEARL
    PeopleCode
    Perl
    PDL
    PHP
    Phrogram
    Pico
    Pict
    Pike
    PIKT
    PILOT
    Pizza

   

    PL-11
    PL/0
    PL/B
    PL/C
    PL/I - ISO 6160
    PL/M
    PL/P
    PL/SQL
    PL360
    PLANC
    Plankalkül
    PLEX
    PLEXIL
    Plus
    POP-11

   

    PostScript
    PortablE
    Powerhouse
    PowerBuilder - 4GL GUI appl. generator from Sybase
    PPL
    Processing
    Prograph
    PROIV
    Prolog
    Visual Prolog
    Promela
    PROTEL
    ProvideX
    Pro*C
    Pure
    Python

 Q

    Q (equational programming language)
    Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
    Qi

   

    QtScript

   

    QuakeC
    QPL

 R

    R
    R++
    Racket
    RAPID
    Rapira
    Ratfiv
    Ratfor

   

    rc
    REBOL
    Redcode
    REFAL
    Reia
    Revolution
    rex
    REXX

   

    Rlab
    ROOP
    RPG
    RPL
    RSL
    RTL/2
    Ruby
    Rust

 S

    S
    S2
    S3
    S-Lang
    S-PLUS
    SA-C
    SabreTalk
    SAIL
    SALSA
    SAM76
    SAS
    SASL
    Sather
    Sawzall
    SBL
    Scala
    Scheme
    Scilab
    Scratch
    Script.NET

   

    Sed
    Self
    SenseTalk
    SETL
    Shift Script
    SiMPLE
    SIMPOL
    SIMSCRIPT
    Simula
    Simulink
    SISAL
    Slate
    SLIP
    SMALL
    Smalltalk
    SML
    SNOBOL(SPITBOL)
    Snowball
    SOAP

   

    SOL
    Span
    SPARK
    SPIN
    SP/k
    SPS
    Squeak
    Squirrel
    SR
    S/SL
    Strand
    STATA
    Stateflow
    Subtext
    Suneido
    SuperCollider
    SuperTalk
    SYMPL
    SyncCharts
    SystemVerilog

 T

    T
    TACL
    TACPOL
    TADS
    TAL
    Tcl
    Tea
    TECO

   

    TELCOMP
    TeX
    TEX
    TIE
    Timber
    Tom
    TOM

   

    Topspeed
    TPU
    Trac
    T-SQL
    TTCN
    Turing
    TUTOR
    TXL

 U

    Ubercode
    Unicon

   

    Uniface
    UNITY

   

    Unix shell
    UnrealScript
    USL

 V

    Vala
    Verilog
    VHDL

   

    Visual C++
    Visual C++ .Net
    Visual C#
    Visual DataFlex
    Visual DialogScript

   

    Visual FoxPro
    Visual J++
    Visual J#
    Visual Objects
    Vvvv

 W

    WATFIV, WATFOR

   

    WebQL

   

    Winbatch

 X

    X++
    X10
    XBL

   

    XC (exploits XMOS architecture)
    xHarbour
    XL
    XOTcl
    XPL

   

    XPL0
    XQuery
    XSB
    XSLT - See XPath

 Y

    Yorick

   

    YQL

   

    Yoix

 Z

    Z
    Z notation

   

    Zeno
    ZOPL

   

    ZPL
    ZZT-oop